College stress

What is stress?

Stress is a normal and necessary part of life. It is your fight-or-flight response to challenges you see in the world. This natural reaction has certain physical effects on the body to allow you to better handle these challenges, such as increased heart rate and blood circulation. While it can manifest differently for each individual, the National Institute of Mental Health notes that everyone feels stress at some point in their lives, regardless of age, gender, or circumstance.

Though it is a universal human experience, the American Institute of Stress (AIS) notes that defining and measuring stress is difficult because “there has been no definition of stress that everyone accepts” and “people have very different ideas with respect to their definition of stress.” They also state that a definition of stress is incomplete without mention of good stress (called eustress), its physical effects, or the body’s instinctive fight-or-flight response.

Researcher Andrew Baum, however, created a succinct, unique definition. He determines that stress is any “emotional experience accompanied by predictable biochemical, physiological and behavioral changes.” For the purposes of this guide, we will use Baum’s definition of stress.

Acute stress.

According to the American Psychological Association (APA), acute stress is the most common type of stress that every person will experience during the course of their life. It arises quickly in response to unexpected or alarming events to help you better handle the situation at hand. Typically, it fades quickly, either on its own or once the stressful event is over.

Acute stress doesn’t often lead to serious health problems. In certain situations, it can actually be a positive experience; for example, riding a roller coaster can cause acute stress, but in a thrilling way.

This type of stress occurs frequently and is easy to identify. Some signs of acute stress include:

• Stomach pain, such as heartburn, diarrhea, or acid stomach.

• Heightened blood pressure and heartbeat.

• Shortness of breath or chest pain.

• Headaches, back pain, jaw pain.

Because it is so common and lasts for a short amount of time, acute stress is usually simple to manage and treat.

Episodic stress.

When acute stress occurs frequently, it is classified as episodic or episodic acute stress. People who suffer from episodic stress are almost always in “crisis mode,” are often irritable and anxious, and may be prone to constant worrying. Essentially, people with episodic stress are often overwhelmed by it and have difficulty managing it.

Symptoms of episodic stress are the same as acute stress, but they can be more extreme or occur constantly. Some signs of long-term episodic stress according to the APA are:

• Constant headaches or migraines.

• Hypertension.

• Heart disease.

People who suffer from episodic stress typically accept this kind of stress as a normal part of life and may not be aware of how detrimental its effects can be. The APA notes that it may be difficult for sufferers of episodic stress to get treatment because they are so used to feeling its effects and accept them as normal.

Chronic stress.

Chronic stress is a form of stress that occurs over a long period of time and that can have serious effects on your physical and mental health. Unlike acute stress, which can be exciting, chronic stress is dull, constant, and seemingly never-ending. It often arises in response to situations that feel hopeless and beyond your control, such as a troubled marriage, a toxic job, or poverty.

Chronic stress is, perhaps, the most dangerous type. This is the kind of stress that can lead to complicated, permanent health problems, such as heart attack, stroke, and suicide. Unfortunately, recognizing that you are experiencing this kind of stress is difficult because most sufferers are used to feeling this way. You may have grown comfortable living this way. Treating chronic stress can be challenging, and almost always necessitates the help of a professional to make long-term progress in recovery.

Signs and symptoms of stress.

Stress isn’t just a physical reaction; it can also affect your emotions, behavior, and cognition. Just as everyone is stressed by different things, everyone experiences its effects in different ways.

Certain signs of stress can be confused with other ailments. Be sure to understand how it affects you so you can correctly identify when you are experiencing stress. Some of the most common signs and symptoms include:

Emotional

Feelings of agitation or irritability.

Inability to relate.

Lowered self-esteem, loneliness, depression.

Feeling overwhelmed or out of control.

Physical

Tension headaches and other muscle pains, such as in the jaw.

Chest pain, rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath.

Stomachaches, pains, nausea.

Shakiness, clammy or sweaty hands, tinnitus.

Behavioral

Sudden change in appetite.

Avoidance of tasks and responsibilities.

Increased use of alcohol, smoking, or drugs.

Nervous behaviors such as fidgeting or nail biting.

Cognitive

Being forgetful and disorganized.

Inability to focus or concentrate.

Constantly worrying.

Incessant stream of thoughts.

Difficulty with memories.

Keep in mind that these are just a few of the many signs of stress; the AIS identifies fifty of them, and notes that there may even be more effects that we haven’t been able to recognize yet.

Understanding stress.

Whether you attend college online or in-person, you will most likely face new stressors during your time at school. As you begin to notice how you and your body react to it, you may come to recognize symptoms that only appear in certain situations. Understanding the type of stress you are experiencing when you encounter these challenges can help you overcome them without feeling drained.

Dr. Karl Albrecht, a social scientist and management consultant, outlined four main varieties of stress: time, anticipatory, situational, and encounter. While these different types can be experienced in many different situations, from the workplace to the home, they are especially relevant to the life of a student.

Time stress.

Time stress occurs when you feel worried about time, and more specifically, when you don’t have enough time to accomplish all necessary tasks. People often experience this when they fear they can’t meet their deadlines, or will be late to a meeting or appointment.

As a student, you may feel time stress in several different ways. You may worry about being late to your classes as you learn the geography of your campus or if you have to get home and log onto your computer for a lecture after running errands. You may also panic about the heft of your workload or the quality of your work for class, which can be a difficult adjustment, whether you’re attending college for the first time or returning after a break.

Anticipatory stress.

Anticipatory stress occurs when you feel anxious about the future. When some people experience anticipatory stress, they may be nervous about a particular upcoming event; for others, it may simply be a general sense of uncertainty about what’s to come.

You may feel this kind of stress in both a vague and concrete way during your studies. If you feel anxious about a forthcoming test, assignment, or presentation, you are experiencing a more concrete form of anticipatory stress. If you have a sense of dread or fear of uncertainty about your future in general, that is a more vague manifestation. Students may feel this kind of stress more frequently as they get nearer to graduation and are making decisions about their life after college.

Situational stress.

You experience situational stress when you are in an upsetting or alarming situation that you cannot control. Unlike time-related and anticipatory stress, this kind of stress happens suddenly and with little — if any — warning. In fact, you may not have anticipated the situation at all.

For students, this type of stress can arise in a number of different circumstances. It may come from something as minor as forgetting your words during a presentation, or as major as a phone call about a family emergency. This kind of stress can occur during a number of situations, from receiving a poor grade on an assignment, to arguing with a friend, to nearly hitting a car in front of you on the road.

Encounter stress.

Encounter stress results when you feel anxious about seeing certain people, either alone or in a group. You may not enjoy spending time with them or have difficulties communicating with them. Whatever the reason, there is something about this person or group that makes you anxious. Encounter stress can also occur if you have spent too much time with others and feel burnt out, even if you like being around them.

Students may feel encounter stress in situations ranging from intimidating professors to unfamiliar classmates. Further, you might only experience this feeling with a person for a limited amount of time. For example, you might dread seeing your roommate for the first time after an argument, but the stress may disappear after you resolve the issue.

Causes of stress in college.

Though everyone experiences it differently and has their own distinct stressors, researchers have found that many college students share several common sources of stress. Whether you major in business or education, you likely share at least one common stressor with your peers. From worries about your health to concerns about your life after graduation, here are some of the most common causes of stress in college students:

Health.

In a survey conducted by the APA, 63 percent of adults cite “health-related concerns” as their number one source of stress. For college students, in particular, worries about or issues with health might be a major stressor because of how it can impact academic performance. The NCHA reported that the academic performance of nearly 30 percent of students was impacted by a physical ailment, ranging from allergies to bronchitis.

Regardless if the cause is a simple cold, mental health condition, or chronic illness, one thing remains the same: when you’re sick, it can be difficult to keep up with your studies. If you are contagious, you should avoid attending class (unless you are a distance learner or can sit in on the lecture at home), which means missing out on important information from your professor. Even if you aren’t contagious but are simply feeling under the weather, you may not have the energy to focus on the lectures and assignments.